Resumo A fauna aquática de insetos continua sendo uma ferramenta importante para a bioindicação de distúrbios ambientais, ao mesmo tempo em que mantém um sistema aquático saudável. O objetivo do estudo foi documentar e identificar a diversidade e os padrões de distribuição dos insetos aquáticos, um aspecto altamente ignorado no Catar. Seguindo os procedimentos padrão, as amostras foram coletadas em hábitats aquáticos durante o período de outubro de 2015 a maio de 2017, mensalmente. Um total de 11.287 indivíduos, pertencentes a seis ordens, foram capturados. Dípteros foram os mais abundantes, com as porcentagens de 71,01 (n = 8.015), enquanto a menor porcentagem foi observada para Coleópteros 0,04 (n = 05). Doze famílias de insetos foram identificadas, destas, cinco foram registradas sob Diptera, seguido por Hemiptera (03), enquanto Coleoptera, Tricoptera, Odonata e Ephemeroptera foram representados por famílias únicas. Dentre as localidades selecionadas, Dipterans foram coletados em 10 estações, seguidos por Hemiptera (9), Coleoptera (4), Odonota (4), Ephemeroptera (3) e Trichoptera (1), respectivamente. Entre as amostras de corpos d'água, os riachos foram os hábitats mais preferidos (n = 2.767), enquanto as piscinas de água potável foram os menos (27). Além disso, o maior índice de diversidade de Simpson de 1,48 e o menor de 0,47 foi registrado para piscina de esgoto inundada e recipientes de plástico, respectivamente, enquanto os valores de baixa uniformidade foram observados para lagoas e menos de 1 valores de diversidade de Margalef foram observados para todos os hábitats. Este estudo documenta os padrões de diversidade e distribuição de insetos aquáticos e fornece uma linha de base para os estudos futuros do Catar.

Abstract Aquatic insect fauna remains an important tool for bio indication of environmental disturbance, while maintaining a healthy aquatic system. The purpose of the study was to document and to identify the diversity and distribution patterns of aquatic insect, a highly ignored aspect from the Qatar. Following the standard procedures, the samples were collected from aquatic habitats during the period October 2015 to May 2017 on monthly basis. A total of 11,287 individuals, belonging to 6 orders were captured. Dipterans were the abundant with the percentages of 71.01 (n=8,015), while the lowest percentage was observed for Coleoptera 0.04 (n=05). Twelve insects families were identified, among these five were reported under Diptera, followed by Hemiptera (03), while Coleoptera, Tricoptera, Odonata, and Ephemeroptera were represented by single families. Among the selected localities, Dipterans were collected from 10 stations, followed by Hemiptera (9), Coleoptera (4), Odonota (4), Ephemeroptera (3) and Trichoptera (1) respectively. Among the water bodies samples, streams were the most preferred habitats (n=2,767), while drinking water pools were the least (27). Moreover, the highest Simpson diversity index of 1.48 and lowest of 0.47 was recorded for flooded sewage pool and plastic containers respectively, while the low evenness values were observed for ponds, and less than 1 Margalef’s diversity values were seen for all habitats. This study documents the patterns of the diversity and distribution of aquatic insects, and provides a baseline for the future studies from Qatar.

Abstract To determine the species composition, relative abundance and seasonal variation of different mosquitoes Genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex, and Culiseta) in different habitats the present research work was carried out in Entomology Research Laboratory of The University of Peshawar. Sampling performed from variety of permanent and temporary breeding habitats was carried out on monthly basis from targeted breeding sites for two consecutive years through dipping method. Species diversity in the survey sites was noted. Collection from these seventeen various types of potential larval habitats, yielded a total of 42,430 immature constituting 41,556 larvae and 874 pupae. Among these only 19,651 adult mosquitoes emerged comprising 11,512 female and 8,139 male mosquitoes. 78% (n= 15333) of mosquito larvae were from permanent and 22% (n=4318) were from temporary breeding sites. This study showed that Peshawar valley harbours 15 species from the genera Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex and Culiseta. When the density of each species was examined, Culex quinquifasciatus was found to be dominant (79%) and constant in distribution. Among the temporary habitats Aedes albopictus was found as the most prevalent species particularly from tree holes and water cisterns. The highest intensity of mosquitoes was in June (2243 emerged adults) and November (2667 emerged adults) while the lowest was in January (203 emerged adults). A perfect positive correlation (r = +0.8) was found between temperature and population of mosquitoes (df 10 and α 0.05). The species diversity index for mosquitoes remained between 0.12 and 1.76. The Margalef’s richness components was noticeably low for bamboo traps (0.2) and fairly high for rice fields, Percolating water and Animal tracks (1.3) which shows the abundance of mosquito species in these habitats. Similarly Pielou’s Evenness was highest for bamboo traps (E=1) showing species uniform distribution. Animal tracks were presumed not only the diverse habitat rather also possessed high value for species richness and species evenness. Temperature, rainfall, humidity and other related attributes responsible for species variation and abundance need to be analysed further to pave way for controlling vector species in their oviposition targeted sites.

Resumo Para determinar a composição de espécies, abundância relativa e variação sazonal de diferentes gêneros de mosquitos (Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex e Culiseta) em diferentes habitats, o presente trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Entomologia da Universidade de Peshawar. A amostragem coletada a partir de uma variedade de habitats de reprodução permanentes e temporários foi realizada mensalmente a partir de locais de reprodução alvo por 2 anos consecutivos através do método de imersão. A diversidade de espécies nos locais de pesquisa foi anotada. A coleta desses 17 tipos diferentes de habitats larvais potenciais rendeu um total de 42.430 imaturos, constituindo 41.556 larvas e 874 pupas. Destes, emergiram apenas 19.651 mosquitos adultos, sendo 11.512 fêmeas e 8.139 machos. 78% (n = 15333) das larvas do mosquito eram de criadouros permanentes e 22% (n = 4318) de criadouros temporários. Este estudo mostrou que o vale de Peshawar abriga 15 espécies dos gêneros Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres, Culex e Culiseta. Quando a densidade de cada espécie foi examinada, Culex quinquifasciatus foi considerado dominante (79%) e constante na distribuição. Entre os habitats temporários, o Aedes albopictus foi encontrado como a espécie mais prevalente, principalmente em ocos de árvores e cisternas de água. A maior intensidade de mosquitos foi em junho (2.243 adultos emergidos) e novembro (2.667 adultos emergidos), enquanto a menor foi em janeiro (203 adultos emergidos). Uma correlação positiva perfeita (r = +0,8) foi encontrada entre temperatura e população de mosquitos (DF 10 e α 0,05). O índice de diversidade de espécies de mosquitos permaneceu entre 0,12 e 1,76. Os componentes de riqueza de Margalef foram visivelmente baixos para armadilhas de bambu (0,2) e razoavelmente altos para campos de arroz, água percolada e rastros de animais (1,3), o que mostra a abundância de espécies de mosquitos nesses habitats. Da mesma forma, a uniformidade de Pielou foi maior para armadilhas de bambu (E = 1), mostrando distribuição uniforme das espécies. As pegadas de animais foram presumidas não apenas como habitat diverso, mas também possuíam alto valor para riqueza e uniformidade de espécies. Temperatura, chuva, umidade e outros atributos relacionados responsáveis pela variação e abundância das espécies precisam ser analisados mais a fundo para abrir caminho para o controle de espécies de vetores em seus locais de oviposição alvo.

Abstract The forest ecosystems of the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) play a very important role in providing wood to the region and its communities, as well as serving as significant providers of environmental services. With the goal understanding the structure and diversity of forest ecosystems in northeastern Mexico, 30 plots, each of 250 m2, were established in three vegetation communities (10 per community), where recorded variables included normal diameter (Dn; cm), height (H; m), and crown area (m2) for all individuals with Dn > 5 cm. The Importance Value Index (IVI), diversity, and species richness were estimated using the Shannon-Weiner ( 𝐻 ´ ) and Margalef ( 𝐷𝑀 𝑔 ) indices, and the similarity between ecosystems was assessed with the Bray-Curtis index. The highest IVI for the Pine ecosystem was found in Pinus pseudostrobus (25.59%) and P. arizonica (25.43%), in the Oak-Pine ecosystem for Quercus laceyi (37.47%) and Pinus pseudostrobus (19.14%), and in the altered Forest for the species Ceanothus fendleri (24.08%) and Juniperus pinchotii (16.84%). In general, for the three studied ecosystems, the Margalef ( 𝐷𝑀 𝑔 ) and Shannon-Weiner ( 𝐻 ´ ) indices indicated low diversity (1.13 and 1.14, respectively), while the similarity results showed that the Pine ecosystem and the altered Forest shared 51%. The Pine ecosystems along with Oak-Pine and Oak-Pine with the altered Forest exhibited lower similarities (20% and 21%, respectively). The studied vegetation communities provide insights into the current state of the forest ecosystems in the SMO.

Resumen Los ecosistemas forestales de la Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) juegan un papel muy importante al proveer a la región y comunidades de madera y como importantes proveedores de servicios ambientales. Con el objetivo de conocer la estructura y diversidad de ecosistemas forestales del noreste de México, se ubicaron 30 parcelas, cada una de 250 m2, en tres comunidades vegetales (10 por comunidad), en donde las variables registradas fueron diámetro normal (Dn; cm), altura (H; m) y área de copa (m2) para todos los individuos con Dn > 5 cm. Se estimó el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI), diversidad y riqueza de especies mediante los índices de Shannon-Weiner ( H ´ ) y Margalef ( 𝐷𝑀 𝑔 ) y la similitud entre ecosistemas con el índice de Bray-Curtis. El mayor IVI para el ecosistema de Pino fue para el Pinus pseudostrobus (25.59%) y P. arizonica (25.43%), en el ecosistema de Encino-Pino para Quercus laceyi (37.47%) y Pinus pseudostrobus (19.14%) y en el Bosque alterado fue para las especies de Ceanothus fendleri (24.08%) y Juniperus pinchotii (16.84%). En general, para los tres ecosistemas estudiados, los índices de Margalef ( 𝐷𝑀 𝑔 ) y Shannon-Weiner ( 𝐻 ´ ) consideraron la diversidad como baja (1.13 y 1.14, respectivamente), mientras que los resultados de similitud mostraron que el ecosistema de Pino y el Bosque alterado tienen 51% en común. Los ecosistemas de Pino con Encino-Pino y Encino-Pino con el Bosque alterado mostraron una similitud inferior (20% y 21%, respectivamente). Las comunidades vegetales estudiadas contribuyen al conocimiento acerca del estado actual de los ecosistemas forestales de la SMO.

Resumen La vegetación de un ecosistema puede ser degradada por los incendios forestales; estos se originan por acciones humanas o de manera natural y por lo general reducen la diversidad y composición de especies, así como su regeneración natural. El presente trabajo se desarrolló en un bosque templado degradado por incendios forestales en el Área Natural Protegida El Tejocote, municipio Santiago, Nuevo León. Los objetivos fueron calcular el Índice de Valor de Importancia, analizar la diversidad de especies y determinar el porcentaje de germinación. El muestreo se realizó en 10 parcelas al azar de 1 000 m2. El Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI), índices de diversidad (Margalef, Shannon-Weiner y Simpson) y los porcentajes de germinación se determinaron para cada especie. Pinus teocote tuvo el mayor IVI (45.5 %), también fue la más dominante al cubrir 69 % de la superficie muestreada. Quercus laeta tuvo 25 % de IVI y fue la más abundante de todas las especies (39 %). Agave scabra y Arbutus xalapensis tuvieron IVI de 7.9 % y 6.9 %, respectivamente; ambas se clasificaron como arbustivas. Se obtuvo una baja diversidad en todos los sitios muestreados, y los valores promedio fueron: Margalef (0.74), Shannon-Weiner (0.46) y Simpson (0.77). Los porcentajes de germinación más altos los presentaron Pinus pseudostrobus (97.40 %) y Agave scabra (84 %). La diferencia en la capacidad germinativa de los taxones podría cambiar la diversidad y composición de las especies de la comunidad El Tejocote después de su degradación por incendio.

Abstract The vegetation of an ecosystem can be degraded by forest fires; which are caused by human or natural actions and generally reduce the diversity and composition of species, as well as their natural regeneration. This work was carried out in a temperate forest degraded by forest fires in the El Tejocote Natural Protected Area, Santiago municipality, Nuevo León State. The objectives were to calculate the Importance Value Index, analyze species diversity and determine the percentage of germination. Sampling was carried out in 10 random plots of 1 000 m2. The Importance Value Index (IVI), diversity indexes (Margalef, Shannon-Weiner and Simpson) and the germination percentages were determined for each species. Pinus teocote had the highest IVI (45.5 %), it was also the most dominant, covering 69 % of the sampled area. Quercus laeta had 25 % IVI and was the most abundant of all species (39 %). Agave scabra and Arbutus xalapensis had IVIs of 7.9 % and 6.9 %, respectively; both were classified as shrubs. A low diversity was obtained in all the sites sampled; the average values were: Margalef (0.74), Shannon-Weiner (0.46), and Simpson (0.77). The highest germination percentages were presented by Pinus pseudostrobus (97.40 %) and Agave scabra (84 %). The difference in the germination capacity of taxa could change the diversity and species composition of the El Tejocote community after its degradation by fire.

Resumo O presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a diversidade, distribuição (C) e abundância relativa (RA) da fauna de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) de Malakand e Dir Lower, Paquistão. A coleta de espécimes (n = 1087) foi feita durante o período de setembro de 2018 a julho de 2019 em seis habitats diferentes, incluindo corpos d’água, campos de arroz, galpões de animais, ambientes internos, ralos e águas residuais. Os espécimes foram coletados por meio de armadilhas luminosas, spray de piretro, aspiradores e redes e posteriormente mortos, preservados e depois dispostos em caixas entomológicas para identificação. Três gêneros foram identificados, nomeadamente Culex, Anopheles e Aedes. Um total de 14 espécies foi identificado, a saber: Cx. quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823), An. stephensi (Liston, 1901), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (Giles, 1901), Ae. vittatus (Bigot, 1861), An. maculatus (Theobald, 1901), An. fluviatilis (James, 1902), Cx. vishnui (Theobald, 1901), Ae. aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), An. subpictus (Grassi, 1899), An. dthali (Patton, 1905), An. culicifascies (Giles, 1901), An. pallidus (Theobald, 1901), Ae. albopictus (Skuse, 1894) e An. annularis (Van der Wulp, 1884). Cx. quinquefasciatus foi encontrado constantemente distribuído na área de estudo com AR = 16,5% e C = 100%. A. annularis foi encontrada como espécie satélite, distribuída esporadicamente na área de estudo com RA = 0,9% e C = 17%. Os índices de diversidade de mosquitos nos habitats estudados foram encontrados como índice de Shannon-Wiener (2,415), índice de Simpson (9,919), índice de Fisher (2,269) e índice de Margalef (1,859). Uma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi registrada na diversidade de mosquitos nos seis habitats (Kruskal-Wallis, qui-quadrado, H = 17,5, df = 5, P = 0,003 em α = 0,05). O presente estudo abrange a fauna de mosquitos de Malakand, Paquistão, com respeito à diversidade, abundância relativa e distribuição em diversos habitats e em todas as estações do ano. Isso ajudará os cientistas que trabalham em vários campos relacionados com a epidemiologia, entomologia médica e veterinária, ecologia e áreas afins das ciências biológicas.

Abstract The present study was conducted to evaluate the diversity, distribution (C) and relative abundance (RA) of the mosquito fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) of Malakand and Dir Lower, Pakistan. Collection of specimens (n = 1087) was made during September 2018 to July 2019 at six different habitats including freshwater bodies, rice fields, animal sheds, indoors, drains and sewage waters. Specimens were collected through light traps, pyrethrum spray, aspirators and nets and subsequently killed, preserved and then arranged in entomological boxes for identification. Three genera were identified namely Culex, Anopheles and Aedes. A total of fourteen species were identified namely: Cx. quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823), An. stephensi (Liston, 1901), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (Giles, 1901), Ae. vittatus (Bigot, 1861), An. maculatus (Theobald, 1901), An. fluviatilis (James, 1902), Cx. vishnui (Theobald, 1901), Ae. aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) An. subpictus (Grassi, 1899), An. dthali (Patton, 1905), An. culicifascies (Giles, 1901), An. pallidus (Theobald, 1901), Ae. albopictus (Skuse, 1894) and An. annularis (van der Wulp, 1884). Cx. quinquefasciatus was found constantly distributed in the study area with RA = 16.5% and C = 100%. An. annularis was found as a satellite species, sporadically distributed in the study area having RA = 0.9% and C = 17%. Diversity indices of mosquitoes in the studied habitats were found as, Shannon-Wiener Index (2.415), Simpson Index (9.919), Fisher’s Index (2.269) and Margalef’s Index (1.859). A statistically significant difference was recorded in mosquito diversity in the six habitats (Kruskal-Wallis, chi-squared, H = 17.5, df = 5, P = 0.003 at α = 0.05). The present study encompasses mosquito fauna of Malakand, Pakistan with respect to diversity, relative abundance and distribution in diverse habitats and all seasons of the year. This will assist scientists working in various fields related with epidemiology, medical and veterinary entomology, ecology and allied areas of biological sciences.

Resumen: Se realizó un estudio en la finca en transición agroecológica El Renacer, del municipio Perico, Matanzas, con el objetivo de evaluar la funcionalidad de algunos de los componentes de la biodiversidad ecológica y la sustentabilidad de su dimensión económica. La Finca posee un área total de 43.5 ha; 40 de ellas dedicadas a la ganadería. El resto se dedica a los cultivos (0.5 ha), frutales (1.5 ha), silvícola (1.0) e instalaciones (0.5 ha). Se evaluó la funcionalidad de la biodiversidad, a partir de un modelo de análisis que incluyó los componentes: diversidad de árboles, diversidad de la producción y riqueza de especies. A través de un diagnóstico, que incluyó recorridos, entrevistas semiestructuradas y la observación, se cuantificó el número de individuos de cada especie, las que se caracterizaron de acuerdo con su funcionalidad dentro del sistema. Para el cálculo de la sustentabilidad económica se estandarizaron y se ponderaron los indicadores de acuerdo a su importancia. Los índices de Shannon para la diversidad de árboles (2.06) y el de Margalef para la riqueza de especies (4.50) demostraron que el sistema puede ser considerado como de alta riqueza de especies y sustentable, mientras que el índice de diversidad de producción (1.46) demostró que la finca no es autosuficiente, desde el punto de vista del desarrollo del subsistema agrícola. La dimensión económica alcanzó un valor de 3.56, cercano a lo esperado para una finca sustentable. En sentido general, los valores de los indicadores de diversidad del agroecosistema fueron óptimos y demuestran la funcionalidad de este, representado por la diversificación y la integración agricultura-ganadería, aunque se recomienda ampliar el área destinada a los cultivos agrícolas, para alcanzar una mayor autosuficiencia alimentaria.

Summary: A study was carried out at the in agroecological transition El Renacer farm, in the Perico municipality, Matanzas, with the objective of evaluating the functionality of some of the components of ecological biodiversity and the sustainability of its economic dimension. The farm has a total area of 43.5 ha; 40 of them dedicated to livestock. The rest is dedicated to crops (0.5 ha), fruit trees (1.5 ha), forestry (1.0) and facilities (0.5 ha). The functionality of biodiversity was evaluated, based on an analysis model that included the components: tree diversity, production diversity and species richness. Through a diagnosis, which included tours, semi-structured interviews and observation, the number of individuals of each species was quantified, which were characterized according to their functionality within the system. For the calculation of economic sustainability, the indicators were standardized and weighted according to their importance. Shannon’s indices for tree diversity (2.06) and Margalef’s for species richness (4.50) demonstrated that the system can be considered as high species richness and sustainable, while the diversity index production (1.46) showed that the farm is not self-sufficient, from the point of view of the development of the agricultural subsystem. The economic dimension reached a value of 3.56, close to what was expected for a sustainable farm. In a general sense, the values of the indicators of diversity of the agroecosystem were optimal and demonstrate its functionality, represented by diversification and agriculture-livestock integration, although it is recommended to expand the area destined to agricultural crops, to achieve greater self-sufficiency food.

Resumen Se evaluó la toxicidad de cuatro plaguicidas en los servicios ecosistémicos de la artropofauna terrestre en el cultivo de cacao. Se aplicó cipermetrina (T1), carbofurano (T2), oxicloruro de cobre (T3) y clorpirifos (T4) en una finca de cacao en San Martín, Perú. Se colocaron cuarenta trampas de caída por cada tratamiento para capturar a la artropofauna terrestre en cuatro evaluaciones. Se concluye que las familias que presentaron mayor abundancia de individuos fueron Formicidae, Entomobryidae y Poduridae. Para la evaluación global, se encontraron diferencias significativas en los depredadores para el índice de riqueza específica, siendo T3 el que presentó los números más bajos; mientras que para el índice de Margalef, el valor más bajo fue T3. Para el análisis por evaluaciones se encontraron diferencias significativas en los detritívoros durante la segunda evaluación para el número de individuos, siendo T4 el número más bajo. También se encontraron diferencias significativas en los depredadores durante la primera evaluación en el índice de Margalef, observándose en T4 el valor más bajo. El gremio trófico que permitió evaluar la toxicidad de forma más eficiente fueron los depredadores, la T1 es el plaguicida más compatible con los artrópodos terrestres asociados a cultivo de cacao y, los índices de diversidad alfa mostraron diferencias significativas entre los plaguicidas aplicados.

Abstract Toxicity of four pesticides in ecosystem services of terrestrial arthropofauna in cocoa cultivation was evaluated. Cypermethrin (T1), carbofuran (T2), copper oxychloride (T3) and chlorpyrifos (T4) were applied in a cocoa farm in San Martín, Peru. Forty pitfall traps were placed for each treatment to capture terrestrial arthropofauna in four evaluations. It is concluded that the families that presented the greatest abundance of individuals were Formicidae, Entomobryidae and Poduridae. For the global evaluation, significant differences were found in the predators for the specific richness index, being T3 the one that presented the lowest numbers; while for the Margalef index, the lowest value was T3. For the analysis by evaluations, significant differences were found in the detritivores during the second evaluation for the number of individuals, with T4 being the lowest number. Significant differences were also found in the predators during the first evaluation in the Margalef index, with the lowest value being observed in T4. The trophic guild that allowed the most efficient evaluation of the toxicity were the predators, T1 is the most compatible pesticide with the terrestrial arthropods associated with cocoa cultivation, and the alpha diversity indices showed significant differences between the applied pesticides.

Resumen Los árboles constituyen un recurso importante en las zonas urbanas debido a los servicios ambientales que brindan. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la composición florística, estructura y diversidad del arbolado urbano del centro de Hualahuises, Nuevo León. Se evaluó el arbolado urbano de los espacios públicos del centro de Hualahuises, abarcando las plazas públicas y aceras. A cada árbol se le midieron su altura total, el diámetro normal y diámetro de copa. Para cada especie se determinó su abundancia, su cobertura, y su frecuencia, para obtener su Índice de Valor de Importancia. También se determinó la riqueza de especies mediante el índice de Margalef, el índice de diversidad de Shannon, y el número de especies efectivas. Se registraron 38 especies de plantas vasculares distribuidas en 35 géneros y 22 familias. El 63.20 % (25 especies) son introducidas y el 36.8 % (21 especies) son nativas. La familia más representativa fue Fabaceae con cuatro especies. Los análisis de clases diamétricas y de altura indican una mayor proporción de individuos con diámetros bajos (d 1.30 <5 cm) y alturas intermedias (h>3 m y <6 m). La comunidad vegetal presenta valores intermedios-altos de riqueza y altos de diversidad de especies comparado con otras áreas verdes urbanas del noreste de México. Más de la mitad de las especies (63 %) son introducidas, entre las cuales Fraxinus americana y Thuja occidentalis sobresalen por su Índice de Valor de Importancia. La especie nativa con mayor valor de importancia fue Quercus virginiana.

Abstract Trees are an important resource in urban areas due to the environmental services they provide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the floristic composition, structure, and diversity of urban trees in the center of Hualahuises, Nuevo León. The urban trees of the public spaces in the center of Hualahuises were evaluated, covering the public squaresand sidewalks. Total height, normal diameter and crown diameter were measured for each tree. For each species, abundance, cover, and frequency were determined to obtain its Importance Value Index. Species richness was also determined using the Margalef index, Shannon's diversity index, and the number of effective species. 38 species of vascular plants distributed in 35 genera and 22 families were recorded. 63.20 % (25 species) are introduced and 36.85 % (21 species) are native. The most representative family was Fabaceae with four species. The graphs of diameter and height classes indicate the existence of a higher proportion of individuals with small diameters (d 1.30 <5 cm) and intermediate heights (h>3 m and <6 m). The plant community presents intermediate-high values of richness and high values of diversity of species compared to other urban green areas of northeastern Mexico. More than half (63 %) of the species are introduced, among which Fraxinus americana and Thuja occidentalis stand out for their Importance Value Index. The native species with the highest importance value was Quercus virginiana.

Abstract Restoration with native species of the Tamaulipas Thorny Scrub (MET) is being carried out given the high degree of degradation suffered by this ecosystem. In the present study, tall vegetation and regeneration were evaluated in an MET area after 5 years of being restored. Total height, basal diameter and crown diameter were measured for each individual, for which sites of 200 m2 were used for tree and shrub vegetation, and 1 m2 for regeneration. The importance value index (IVI), Margalef (D Mg ) and Shannon (H’) indices were determined. Diversity was low. The regeneration registered six species of which three were not used in the plantation; Vachellia farnesiana presented higher IVI both in tall vegetation and in regeneration. With the restoration, it has been possible to have mature individuals with the capacity to give way to natural regeneration.

Resumen La restauración con especies nativas del Matorral espinoso tamaulipeco (MET) se está realizado dado el alto grado de degradación que sufre este ecosistma. En el presente estudio, se evaluó la vegetación de porte alto y la regeneración en un área de MET posterior a 5 años de ser restaurado. A cada individuo, se le midió la altura total, diámetro basal y diámetro de copa, en sitios de 200 m2 para vegetación arbórea y arbustiva, y de 1 m2 para regeneración. Se determinó el índice de valor de importancia (IVI), índices de Margalef (D Mg ) y Shannon (H’). La diversidad fue baja. La regeneración registró seis especies de las cuales tres no fueron utilizadas en la plantación; Vachellia farnesiana presentó mayor IVI tanto en la vegetación de porte alto como en regeneración. Con la restauración se ha logrado tener individuos maduros con capacidad de dar paso a la regeneración natural.

Abstract Introduction: Forest fires are natural disturbances that influence structure, dynamics, performance, composition and diversity of species. Objective: To compare composition, structure and diversity of temperate forest vegetation affected by different levels of severity of a forest fire in Jalisco. Materials and methods: Composition, horizontal structure, importance value index (IVI), diameter class, diversity indexes of Shannon, Simpson, Margalef richness and Bray-Curtis similarity were evaluated in three regions (Bosque La Primavera and Sierra de Tapalpa and Sierra de Quila) of temperate forest with three levels of severity (no fire, moderate and extreme). Results: Twelve species from six families were recorded. Pinaceae and Fagaceae were the most dominant. Dominance ranged from 0.2 to 50 m2∙ha-1 in moderate and extreme severity sites. Pinus devoniana recorded the highest IVI (71 %) in Sierra de Tapalpa. The highest number of trees was recorded in diameter class ≤30 cm. Diversity and richness indices showed significant differences (P < 0.05) for Sierra de Tapalpa and Sierra de Quila and among fire levels; the highest indices were recorded in sites of moderate severity. Tree composition similarity between regions was low (<33 %). Conclusions: Moderate severity of forest fire favored composition, structure and diversity of vegetation in temperate forests of Jalisco, indicating that the level of severity influences resilience of forest ecosystem communities.

Resumen Introducción: Los incendios forestales son perturbaciones naturales que influyen en la estructura, dinámica, funcionamiento, composición y diversidad de especies. Objetivo: Comparar la composición, estructura y diversidad de la vegetación de bosques templados afectados por diferentes niveles de severidad de un incendio forestal en Jalisco. Materiales y métodos: La composición, estructura horizontal, índice de valor de importancia (IVI), clases diamétricas, índices de diversidad de Shannon, Simpson, riqueza Margalef y similitud de Bray-Curtis se evaluaron en tres regiones (bosque La Primavera y sierras de Tapalpa y Quila) de bosque templado con tres niveles de severidad (sin incendio, moderada y extrema). Resultados: Se registraron 12 especies de seis familias, siendo Pinaceae y Fagaceae las de mayor representatividad. La dominancia osciló entre 0.2 a 50 m2∙ha-1 en sitios de severidad moderada y extrema. Pinus devoniana registró el mayor IVI (71 %) en sierra de Tapalpa. La mayor cantidad de individuos se registró en las clases diamétricas ≤30 cm. Los índices de diversidad y riqueza mostraron diferencias significativas (P < 0.05) en las sierras de Tapalpa y Quila y entre los niveles del incendio; los índices más altos se registraron en sitios de severidad moderada. La similitud de la composición arbórea entre regiones fue baja (<33 %). Conclusiones: La severidad moderada del incendio forestal favoreció la composición, estructura y diversidad de la vegetación de los bosques templados de Jalisco, lo que sugiere que el nivel de severidad influye en la capacidad de resiliencia de las comunidades de los ecosistemas forestales.

Abstract The study was carried out in the ejido La Victoria, located in the municipality of Pueblo Nuevo, Durango, Mexico. The objective of the study was to evaluate the diversity, as well as to measure its horizontal and vertical structure, the data are derived from the forest ejidal inventory. To measure richness and diversity, the Shannon and Margalef indices were used. 7 families and 24 tree species were registered, of which the highest value of importance was the Pinaceae family, whose species with the highest value was Pinus cooperi. The Margalef Index value was 2.67. In relation to the value of species diversity, the value of the Shannon Index was 2.85. The Pretzsch A Index had values of 2.63 with an Amax value of 3.94 and Arel of 68%, which indicates that the evaluated area presents average uniformity The families with greater importance due to their structural contribution in the pine-oak forest of the southwest of the state of Durango are Pinaceae and Fagaceae, the genera Pinus and Quercus are the most important. The temperate forest studied has a medium specific richness and diversity of tree species, as well as a uniform structure based on the results presented by the Pretzsch Index.

Resumen El estudio se realizó en el ejido La Victoria, ubicado en el municipio de Pueblo Nuevo, Durango, México. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la diversidad, así como medir su estructura horizontal y vertical, los datos provinieron de 24305 parcelas de muestreo circulares de 1000 m2, derivados del inventario ejidal forestal. Para estimar la riqueza y diversidad se utilizaron los índices de Shannon y Margalef. Se registraron 7 familias y 24 especies arbóreas, de las cuales la de mayor valor de importancia fue la familia Pinaceae cuya especie con mayor valor fue Pinus cooperi. El valor del Índice de Margalef fue 2.67. En relación al valor de diversidad de especies, el valor del Índice de Shannon fue de 2.85. El Índice de Pretzsch A tuvo valores de 2.63 con valor A max de 3.94 y A rel de 68%, lo que indica que la zona evaluada presenta uniformidad media Las familias con mayor importancia por su contribución estructural en el bosque de pino-encino del suroeste del estado de Durango son Pinaceae y Fagaceae, los géneros Pinus y Quercus son los más importantes. El bosque templado estudiado presenta una riqueza específica y diversidad de especies arbóreas mediana, así como una estructura uniforme en base a los resultados presentados por el Índice de Pretzsch.

Abstract The need to know the structure and amount of carbon stored in forest ecosystems is very important, as these are a major sink of carbon dioxide (CO2). This study was developed in the ejido Chinatú, municipality of Guadalupe y Calvo, Chihuahua, where random samplings were carried out at eight circular sites of 1 000 m2 distributed in 80.46 hectares of surface. The horizontal structure was analyzed based on the importance value index (IVI) and diametric classes; in addition, the mixing ratio, richness and diversity of species were determined according to the Margalef index (D Mg ) and Shannon-Weiner index (H´), the carbon stored in the aerial biomass was estimated by means of allometric equations, based on the volume for each of the species. Ten species with a density of 460 N ha-1 were identified. The species with the highest ecological value (IVI) was Pseudotsuga menziesii, with 26.14 %; the wealth and diversity obtained were D Mg = 1.47 and H’= 1.96, respectively; the diametric distribution is balanced, in the form of a Liocourt curve, and the stored carbon content was 45.20 Mg C ha-1. These analyses show that the forest is homogeneous, without broad dominance of any specific species, and is in a good state of conservation since the smaller diameter categories abound in small individuals that will later replace the mature mass.

Resumen Es importante conocer la estructura y la cantidad de carbono almacenado en los ecosistemas forestales, ya que representan uno de los principales sumideros de dióxido de carbono (CO2) en los ecosistemas terrestres. Este estudio se llevó acabo en el ejido Chinatú, municipio Guadalupe y Calvo, Chihuahua, donde se realizó un muestreo aleatorio de ocho sitios circulares de 1 000 m2 distribuidos en 80.46 ha de superficie. Se analizó la estructura horizontal con base en el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI) y clases diamétricas; además, se determinó el cociente de mezcla, la riqueza y diversidad de especies de acuerdo con los índices de Margalef (D Mg ) y de Shannon-Weiner (H´); el carbono almacenado en la biomasa aérea se estimó mediante ecuaciones alométricas, por medio del volumen para cada una de las especies. Se identificaron 10 taxones con una densidad de 460 individuos (N ha-1), la especie de mayor valor ecológico (IVI) fue Pseudotsuga menziesii con 26.14 %, la riqueza y diversidad obtenida fue de D Mg = 1.47 y H’ = 1.96, respectivamente, la distribución diamétrica correspondió a una curva de Liocourt balanceada, y el contenido de carbono almacenado fue de 45.20 Mg C ha-1. Estos análisis muestran que el bosque es homogéneo, sin dominancia amplia de alguna especie en particular y está en buen estado de conservación, ya que en las categorías diamétricas menores hay abundante presencia de individuos pequeños que, posteriormente, sustituirán a la masa madura.

RESUMO O trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar, por meio de índices faunísticos, as populações de moscas-das-frutas no Brejo Paraibano, e analisar se essas populações são similares entre si. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em oito municípios situados na Mesorregião do Agreste Paraibano e Microrregião do Brejo Paraibano, nos quais foram selecionadas duas propriedades rurais de cada município, georreferenciadas, identificadas segundo o critério de diversidade de espécies frutíferas. Cada município foi considerado como tendo uma população das moscas-das-frutas com características próprias, determinadas pelos índices faunísticos de frequência, constância, dominância, índices de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener e de Margalef, além de equitabilidade. Foram capturados 3.159 espécimes de moscas-das-frutas, dos quais 85,57% pertenciam ao gênero Anastrepha e 14,43% o gênero Ceratitis. Foram capturadas onze espécies de moscas-das-frutas nas armadilhas. Anastrepha fraterculus foi a espécie mais frequente, dominante e constante, estando presente em todas as localidades; seguida das espécies A. obliqua, A. sororcula e Ceratitis capitata. Os municípios estudados apresentam similaridade de 54%, o que indica alta semelhança entre as áreas. A maioria das espécies capturadas no presente estudo ocorre em baixa frequência populacional.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to characterize, through faunistic indices, the populations of fruit flies in the Brejo Paraibano microregion and analyze whether these populations are similar to one another. The study was conducted in eight municipalities located in the Agreste Paraibano mesoregion and Brejo Paraibano microregion, Paraíba state, Brazil, where two rural properties of each municipality were selected, georeferenced and identified according to the diversity criterion of fruit species. Each municipality was assumed to have a population of fruit flies with its own characteristics, determined by the faunistic indices of frequency, constancy, dominance, Shannon-Wiener and Margalef diversity indices, as well as evenness. 3.159 specimens of fruit flies were captured, of which 85.57% belonged to the genus Anastrepha and 14.43% to the genus Ceratitis. 11 species of fruit flies were captured in the traps. Anastrepha fraterculus was the most frequent, dominant and constant species, being present in all locations; followed by A. obliqua, A. sororcula and Ceratitis capitata. The studied municipalities have a similarity of 54%, which indicates a high similarity between the areas. Most species captured in the present study occur at low population frequency.

Abstract: The structure and diversity of woody species in a plant community with livestock history was evaluated, which was excluded a ten years in the RENAC Conservation and Research Area, municipality of Linares in the Northeast of Mexico. A total of 10 randomly distributed sampling plot from 100 m2 (10 x 10 m) were established. At the plots, arboreal and shrubby individuals with a basal diameter (d0.10) equal to or greater than 3 cm, corresponding to the original remaining vegetation were considered. To evaluate the regeneration (d0.10 < 3 cm) sites of 1 m2 (1 x 1 m) were established in each corner and the center of the site of 100 m2. The total height (h), basal diameter (d0.10) and cup cover (N-S, E-O) were measured. The ecologica parameters analyzed were abundance (Ar), dominance (Dr), frequency (Fr) and importance value index (IVI), also estimates of Shannon (H ’) and Margalef (Da) indices. 10 families, 12 genera and 14 species were registered. The family with the highest number of species (4) was Fabaceae. The species with the highest values of importance index (IVI) were Havardiapallens, Zanthoxylum fagara and Celtis laevigata, typical of species of mature plant communities of the Tamaulipan thornscrub and submontane thorn scrub. In the plant community studied, there is a richness and diversity of typical species of arid and semi-arid climate of northeastern Mexico, and both the pattern of diameter classes and the Jaccard similarity index suggest that an active dynamics of regeneration in the plant community.

Resumen: Se evaluó la estructura y diversidad de especies leñosas en una comunidad vegetal con historial pecuario que fue excluida hace una década dentro del Área de Conservación e Investigación RENAC, en el municipio de Linares (Noreste de México). Se establecieron 10 sitios de muestreo de 100 m2 (10 x 10 m) distribuidos aleatoriamente. En los sitios se consideraron los individuos arbóreos y arbustivos con un diámetro basal (d 0.10) igual o mayor a 3 cm, como correspondiente a la vegetación original remanente. Para evaluar la regeneración (d 0.10 < 3 cm) se establecieron sitios de 1 m 2 (1 x 1 m) en cada esquina y el centro del sitio de 100 m2. Se midió la altura total (h), diámetro basal (d0.10m) y cobertura de copa (N-S, E-O). Los parámetros ecológicos analizados fueron de abundancia (Ar), dominancia (Dr), frecuencia (Fr) e índice de valor de importancia (IVI), además estimaciones de índices de Shannon (H’) y Margalef (Da). Se registraron 10 familias, 12 géneros y 14 especies. La familia con mayor número de especies (4) fue Fabaceae. Las especies con mayores valores de índice de valor de importancia (IVI) fueron Havardia pallens, Zanthoxylum fagara y Celtis laevigata, especies típicas de comunidades vegetales maduras del matorral espinoso tamaulipeco y submontano. En la comunidad vegetal estudiada, se presentan una riqueza y diversidad de especies típicas de clima árido y semiárido del noreste de México y, tanto el patrón de clases diamétricas, como el índice de similitud de Jaccard sugieren una activa dinámica de la regeneración en la comunidad vegetal.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the diversity of the entomofauna community, according to its biological function in the forage tree-basis pasture association in Cuban animal husbandry. Materials and Methods: Two animal husbandry agroecosystems were evaluated, with different productive aims, composed by the association of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit cv. Peru with Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs cv. Likoni. In both, from the inventory of the insect community, the following ecological indexes were calculated: species richness, Margalef richness, Simpson’s dominance, Shannon-Wiener diversity and equitability, as alpha diversity, and at the same time, Morisita-Horn index, as beta diversity, through the programs Species Diversity & Richness 3.02 and SIMIL, respectively. Results: The values of the Margalef and Shannon’s indexes, regarding phytophagans and beneficial insects, in both areas, were higher in the herbaceous stratum (6,138-6,365; 4,471-4,697 and 1,902-2,238; 2,327-2,394) with regards to the tree stratum (4,156-4,706; 4,132-4,158 and 0,722-0,851; 1,721-2,521), which indicated an abundant richness of species and moderate diversity. The equitability of the insect species was also higher in the herbaceous stratum, because there was trend to all of them being equally abundant. Meanwhile, the similarities among the insect communities, according to the Morisita Horn index, showed evident similarity among species, with more than 70 % of coincidence among phytophagans and beneficial insects in each stratum. Conclusions: The ecological indexes showed that there is numerous and similar diversity of insects in the sampled areas, with higher values, although not representative, for the herbaceous stratum compared with the tree one. In addition, due to the compatibility between L. leucocephala and M. maximus, the composition, structure and functioning of this insect community can be better understood.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la diversidad de la comunidad entomofaunística, de acuerdo con su función biológica en la asociación árbol forrajero-pasto base en el conexto ganadero cubano. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluaron dos agroecosistemas ganaderos, con destinos productivos diferentes, compuestos por la asociación Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit cv. Perú con Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs cv. Likoni. En ambos, a partir del inventario de la comunidad de insectos, se calcularon los índices ecológicos: riqueza de especies, riqueza de Margalef, dominancia de Simpson, diversidad de Shannon-Wiener y equitatividad, como diversidad alfa, y al mismo tiempo, el de Morisita-Horn, como diversidad beta, mediante los programas Species Diversity & Richness 3.02 y SIMIL, respectivamente. Resultados: Los valores de los índices Margalef y de Shannon, en cuanto a fitófagos y benéficos, en ambas áreas, fueron superiores en el estrato herbáceo (6,138-6,365; 4,471-4,697 y 1,902-2,238; 2,327-2,394) con respecto al arbóreo (4,156-4,706; 4,132-4,158 y 0,722-0,851; 1,721-2,521), lo que indicó una riqueza abundante de especies y una diversidad moderada. La equitatividad de las especies insectiles resultó superior también en el estrato herbáceo, pues hubo tendencia a que todas fueran igualmente abundantes. Mientras, la similitud entre las comunidades insectiles, según el índice de Morisita Horn, mostró semejanza evidente entre especies, con más de 70 % de coincidencia entre fitófagos y benéficos en cada estrato. Conclusiones: Los índices ecológicos demostraron que existe diversidad de insectos numerosa y similar en las áreas muestreadas, con valores superiores, aunque no representativos, para el estrato herbáceo con relación al arbóreo. Además, debido a la compatibilidad entre L. leucocephala y M. maximus, se puede comprender mejor la composición, estructura y funcionamiento de esta comunidad insectil.